Cold Weather Exposure Mask

ABSTRACT

A Cold or Inclement Weather Exposure Mask is designed to fit snugly around the wearer&#39;s face, head, and neck. The mask serves vital needs of warmth, humidity, moisture management and air flow. A raised, pliable chamber covering the mouth and nose of the wearer provides a breathing space to allow normal breathing while keeping the face warm and dry. The chamber is affixed to a fabric panel made of a water and wind resistant, non-irritating, comfortable, and stretchable material. A fastening means on the panel holds the mask in place around the wearer. The chamber includes multiple apertures which allow fresh, ambient air to pass to the wearer after it is mixed with warm, humid, exhaled air. The apertures also exhaust breath, air and condensation. Colors and pattern selections allow adaptation to all labor and recreation uses.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. National Stage Utilitypatent application Ser. No. 12/520,190 entitled “Cold Weather ExposureMask” and filed on Jun. 19, 2009 and is currently pending, which claimspriority under 35 U.S.C. §371 to Patent Cooperation Treaty parentapplication numbered PCT/US07/88187 entitled “Cold Weather ExposureMask” filed Dec. 19, 2007, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Ser. No. 60/870,753 entitled “Cold or InclementWeather Exposure Mask” filed on Dec. 19, 2006. Each patent applicationidentified above is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety toprovide continuity of disclosure.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of Invention

This invention relates to cold weather apparel and more particularly tosuch face coverings for use in outdoor work or recreation.

2. Description of Related Art

Individuals engaging in inclement weather work and recreation, may beforced to choose between warmth or sufficient oxygen. Obviously, aperson must breathe easily in order to allow proper body function.Common solutions have sought to cover the mouth and nose with fabric orcomplicated tubing and heating systems. However, in cold weather,efforts to stay warm may compromise proper breathing. Breathing cold airis a form of airway trauma that adversely affects the lungs and bronchileading to asthma and lung injury. Masks and breathing apparatuses havebeen attempted, but often at the expense of vision, as eye-coveringsbecome fogged by misdirected warm air produced by covered breathing.Weather masks have been used to try to accommodate warmth, properbreathing, and maintain vision.

Prior inventions have sought to improve weather masks, particularlythose used in physically exerting activities, but with significantshortcomings. Colman et al. discloses a Cold Weather Face Mask (U.S.Pat. No. 3,768,100) which includes a face piece, separable from a portfor vision, separable from an oronasal port, and a tri-furcated chinpocket for folding snugly around the chin. Colman et al. attempted touse a malleable nose bridge stiffener in a thick sheet form sandwichedand adjustable to prevent air from escaping to eye wear. As a primaryfeature, Colman et al. sought to sandwich portions of the mask togetherusing fabric tape. The face piece of the Colman et al. mask engages veryclosely with the user's face.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,095,290 to O'Brien claims a face mask with eyes, noseand mouth openings. The nose opening is a flap to cover the nose. Thisinvention is little more than a stereotypical ski mask except that ittoo uses a three-layer sandwiching system: the inner layer is flannel,the thermal barrier is polyurethane, and outer layer is a metalizedplastic film. This mask provides no ear or neck protection and thematerial around the nose and the mouth openings become wet and coldagainst the skin.

Martin's Face Mask (U.S. Pat. No. 4,641,379) also employs apertures indirect contact with the skin around the nose and mouth, thus doingnothing to address moisture and condensation. The cone shaped flap whichtries to cover the mouth and nose from exposure to the cold air issupposed to incorporate an arch to keep the skirt from resting on thenose. In reality, this provision assists cold air to reach the condensedmoisture on the skin, thus causing irritation and chafing.

A Ventilated Face Shield, U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,990 granted to Markertmandates the use of a rigid mask member to separate the air flow of themouth and nose, thus teaching away from the mixing of air as a potentialadvantage. Furthermore, the required rigid construction risks injury tothe user in physically demanding activities. The Markert mask fails toallow adaptable air exposure. Further, the extent of the preventeddirect air flow in this invention may restrict breathing during aerobicactivity. The Markert mask does not provide a means to exhaust carbondioxide which may build up in the mask, thus further restrictingbreathing in aerobic circumstances. While the breathing region includesan aperture means it does not provide a design to aid in the transmittalof condensation droplets out of the mask and no way to separateaccumulated water and moisture from the skin of the user. Similarly, theDaneshvar patent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,839,432) has a rigid, over-engineereddesign for the intake port requiring large windows and sliding elementsfor the intake port and also hinging mechanism for the whole faceportion of the mask away from the super hat. The Daneshvar patent doesnot suggest that mixing of air may be beneficial to warm inhaled air norprovide a means to mix such air. Furthermore, Daneshvar provides nomeans for the removal of condensation other than the exhaust, exhalationports located to the rear and top of the super hat design. Those portshave complex screw-tight closures further assisting in the one-waymovement of air taught in Daneshvar.

A current Cold Weather Mask on the market (U.S. Pat. No. 4,825,474 toEdwards) claims a mask which requires close contact over the wearer'sface. The cloth face member requires seams placed in an undesirablefashion. The nose aperture is not protected from the elements in any wayand the nylon-laminate type cloth used in the mask construction is notwater resistant; thus, it allows condensation to accumulate and freezearound the user's mouth and nose, causing cold discomfort, chafing, andpain. The Edward mask provides ear apertures for some hearing, but doesnot keep the ears adequately warm or dry. Further, the Edwards mask doesnot adequately discourage fogging of eye coverings.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,336, granted to Stout seeks to provide weatherinsulation without inhibiting breathing. The Stout mask calls for arigid mouth seal that encircles the lips. The nose cover is insulatedover the bridge of the nose, but completely open under the ridge. Therigid mouth cover includes a porous hygroscopic material to exchangemoisture from orally exhaled and inhaled air. Stout does not contemplatecovering the nose to achieve this objective and does not point out asolution to condensation pooling and freezing in the mask. Stout alsotries to meet the need of an insulated ear cover, but does so at theexpense of supply of sound and comfort.

A number of masks have sought to improve warmth in cold weathercircumstances, and they have focused on the need to use hoods or headcoverings. A specific example of such a face and head covering is foundat U.S. Patent Application 2006/0085881 to Gellis et al. Thiscombination is intended to be used in conjunction with goggles and maybe adjusted using VELCRO® brand hook and loop fastener. The mask portionof Gellis et al. touches the user's nose and the fleece fabric acts as asponge for moisture which allows the freezing moisture to touch theskin. Freezing moisture is uncomfortable and unhealthy to skin. Gelliset al. provides no means for fog-prevention and actually describes theneed to open a flange in order to allow breathability and prevent orreduce fogging caused by condensation created by the face mask andrising into the lens area. The combination is then over-engineeredbecause of a mechanism for converting and stowing the hood in the mask.The bulk created would be uncomfortable and cumbersome for most coldweather uses, which already may require significant layering. Thenecessity and repetitive disclosure to convert Gellis et al. to a hoodand mask teaches away from simplifying breathing and insulation.

McCormick patented a Thermal Exchange Breathing Device (U.S. Pat. No.6,196,221 B1) with a mechanical heat exchanger module which heats airbefore it is inhaled by the user. The rigidity required by the McCormickcomponents, as well as those of other prior inventions cause safetyconcerns for a user recreating. The McCormick mask contemplates directcontact with the face of the user, once again disregarding the problemof condensation and moisture against the skin of the user.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,868,852 B2 to Gaschke discloses a Cold Weather BreathingApparatus which necessitates the use of a complex channeling systemconducting air to the user through the nose and mouth holes. While theGaschke patent calls for air movement from one orifice to the other, noprovision is made to transfer condensed fluids out of the mask, thusmoisture build up would be uncomfortable, unhealthy, and causeirritation and chafing.

A need exists for a cold or inclement weather mask that will providewarmth, but not inhibit breathing or other sensory functions of the userand at the same time keep moisture from the face and humidify inhaledair. A mask is needed that will fit snugly and comfortably under a skihelmet or cap and with glasses or goggles without promoting fogging.Where other masks have failed, a mask is needed to prevent skinsurrounding the nose and mouth from getting wet, cold, and chafed orchapped. A further need exists for a mask that will not sacrifice safetyor movement to provide the desirable objectives.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention presents a new and novel mask designed toturbulently mix inhaled air with warm exhaled air to achieve a balanceof temperature and humidity around the face and airway. The face is keptwarm and dry while the air around the nose and mouth is humidified. Theinvention is a cold or inclement weather exposure mask comprising afabric mounting panel; a non-rigid chamber to cover a user's mouth andnose; apertures allowing both the inhalation of ambient air and theventilation, exhaust, and moisture disposal from the chamber; VELCRO®brand hook and loop fastener on the fabric panels for tightening maskaround the user; and darting or pleating for the snug, dependable fit ofthe mask. As disclosed and described, the mask has multiple variationsand beneficial feature adaptations. The mask achieves important goals,including: 1) providing thermal comfort/warmth to protect the face andairway against cold air exposure; 2) permitting adequate air flow andventilation for activity; 3) allowing access to senses and faculties; 4)managing moisture to keep the face dry; and, 5) dynamically mixing airto provide a source of humidity to ambient, cold, drier air.

It is an objective of the present invention to provide a mask which hasutility to those participating in aerobic or physically exertingactivities or work in cold or inclement weather conditions. As a furtherobjective, the present invention seeks to provide a mask which will helpto humidify and warm dry, cold air as it enters the mask using thenatural mixing of inhaled and exhaled air. Recognizing the delicatebalance between breathing warm air and protecting the facial skin andairway from cold, it is an objective of the present invention to allowthe face to remain warm and dry. As a further objective, the presentinvention seeks to provide a mask which gives warmth and breathabilityto the wearer, while maintaining the comfort of the wearer by keepingfabric or other material off the skin surrounding the mouth and nosewhich can become cold and wet due to moist, exhaled air. As a furtherobjective tied to outdoor activities, the mask can be worn whilesleeping to prevent aspirating water as is common when cold-weathersleepers hide their face inside a cloth or sleeping bag and inhalecondensation.

It is an objective of the present invention to fit comfortably under aski helmet or cap, or protective work gear. It is a further objective ofthe present invention to provide a snug fitting mask contemplated to fitwith glasses or goggles. It is still a further objective of the mask toprevent fogging of goggles or glasses.

Another objective of the present invention is to prevent lips and skinsurrounding the nose and mouth from getting wet, cold, and chafed orchapped. Cold air coming into contact with the face and upper airwayscan stimulate asthma, therefore, the present invention has an objectiveto provide a design which will aid in preventing bronchial constrictionassociated with breathing cold outdoor air. As a further objective, thepresent invention seeks to prevent water from becoming frozen on theinterior of the mask because of condensation. It is a further objectiveof the present invention to provide a mask that is easy to disinfect andclean.

Still a further objective seeks to allow the normal talking, breathing,and hearing functions of the wearer. Finally, the present inventionseeks to provide options for material types, colors, and patterns forspecific application to various uses including but not limited towalking, ATV riding, skiing, hunting, or construction labor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings serve to illustrate the various features andaspects of the invention. These drawings further describe byillustration, the advantages and objects of the present invention. Eachdrawing is referenced by corresponding figure reference characterswithin the “DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION” section to follow.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view the moderate coverage, preferred embodimentof the present invention, demonstrating the chamber and panels.

FIG. 2 is a front perspective view of the preferred embodiment accordingto the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a front perspective view of the chamber and the minimumcoverage embodiment of the present invention and shows the fabric panelsaccordingly. One design choice for ear coverage is demonstrated here.

FIG. 4 is a front perspective view of the chamber according to thepresent invention but separated from any panels.

FIG. 5 is a rear view of the chamber according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a rear, exploded perspective view of the chamber component ofthe mask according to the present invention, particularly showing thecontrol valve separated from the chamber.

FIG. 7 is bottom, exploded perspective view of the chamber component ofthe mask according to the present invention, particularly showing thecontrol valve separated from the chamber.

FIG. 8 is a side, perspective view of the maximum coverage embodiment ofthe mask according to the present invention.

FIG. 9 is another side, perspective view of the maximum coverageembodiment of the mask worn by a human according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 10 is a right side view of the maximum coverage embodiment of themask according to the present invention.

FIG. 11 is a front view of the maximum coverage embodiment of the maskaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a rear view of the face mask portion of the embodiment firstshown in FIG. 10 as it appears when detached from the maximum coveragebalaclava shown in the previous views.

FIG. 13 is a top view of the face mask as shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the face mask as shown in FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is a front perspective view of the preferred embodiment of thepresent invention as it would be worn by a human.

FIG. 16 is a right side view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention as it would be worn by a human.

FIG. 17 is a left side view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 18 is a front view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 19 is a rear view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 20 is a top view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 21 is a bottom view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 22 is a front view of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention in a fully detached and laid open position before it isaffixed around a head as shown in FIGS. 15-21.

FIG. 23 is a rear view of the preferred embodiment as shown in FIG. 22.

The invention may be embodied in several forms without departing fromits spirit or essential characteristics. The scope of the invention isdisclosed below and will be further defined in the claims and in thespecific description preceding them. All embodiments that fall withinthe meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are thereforeintended to be embraced by the claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a mask incorporating a fabric panel body and abreathing chamber to form a new and improved, non-obvious cold weathermask which will allow the wearer to stay outside and in the elementslonger in order to perform work or engage in recreation. As will beappreciated from FIG. 1, the preferred embodiment of the mask comprisesa concave shaped chamber 1 and a set of fabric panels 2. The chamberextends generally forward to define a breathing space which is fluidlyconnected to an ambient environment when worn. The chamber of the maskis arranged and constructed to comfortably fit around the mouth and noseof the wearer. The concave chamber has a front wall 11, at least onelower wall 12, at least two side walls 13, and at least one top wall 14,each with an interior surface and an exterior surface. FIG. 4demonstrates the preferred embodiment which is shown and described ashaving one front wall, one top wall, one lower wall, and two side walls.The lower wall, the side walls, and the top wall each possess a sidethat lies adjacent to the front wall. The top wall 14 has a slightmedial bend to comfortably form to the bridge of the nose of the wearer.The proximal edge of the chamber walls, except the front wall, rests ina flush with the wearer's face due to a peripheral edge 15 disposed oneach of the lower wall 12, the side walls 13, and the top wall 14 of thechamber 1. As best shown in FIG. 7, the peripheral edge 15 occurs onthese chamber walls in a position opposite of the front wall 11.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the interior surface of thechamber front wall 11 has a short post 17 with a proximal end and aterminal end. The post 17 extends proximally from the chamber andterminates in an enlarged, flat surface 18. The post 17 is illustratedin the rear, exploded, perspective view of FIG. 6. The flat surface 18and post 17 act as a brad and operates as a receiving means for thecontrol valve 7 component of the present invention, specificallycooperating with the control valve hole 77. The interior wall of thechamber also has at least one depression 16 formed to receive at leastone cleat 76 on the control valve 7. Desirably, a plurality ofdepressions 16 which cooperate with a plurality of cleats 76 on thecontrol valve 7 to allow a wearer to select the position of the valveand thus the air flow. These cleats 76 are demonstrated in FIG. 7.

Importantly, the chamber has plurality of apertures including a grate 3with grate openings 31 between parallel bars 32, passive airflow slits4, circular voids 5, and at least one slot 6 of the chamber 1. Bestshown in FIG. 2, the apertures traverse the front wall with openingsfluidly connect with ambient air. The preferred setting of grateopenings 31 is shown in this figure. These grate openings 31 arebi-directional air flow apertures defining the central air grate of thefront wall of the chamber 1. In the preferred embodiment, the grateapertures 3 are centrally disposed on the chamber front wall. The grate3 is shown in FIG. 3 as being substantially encircled by an ovoid ring33 having a first bar 34 and a second bar 35 intersecting near thecenter 37 of the grate 3. The first and second bars are then furtherintersected by parallel bars. In the preferred embodiment, the first andsecond bars 34, 35 create four quadrants 36 traversed by parallel bars32 in angled orientation.

The chamber has at least one aperture slot 6 disposed on the lower wall12 of the chamber at a distance away from the face and nearer the frontwall 11. This slot 6 is critical to the moisture managementfunctionality of the mask. At least one circular void 5 is disposed onthe lower wall of the chamber between the slot 6 and the wearer's face.A final set of apertures aid in bi-directional air flow and are calledslits 4 and are set at an angle on each side wall 13 of the chamber. Inthe preferred embodiment there are a plurality of circular voids 5 andangled slits 4. See FIG. 7 for a complete comparison of position, size,and shape of these apertures.

The mask chamber includes an additional important feature to aid in themoisture management accomplished by the apertures. This feature is araised lip 19 of the chamber and is best demonstrated in FIG. 5. The lip19 is disposed between the lower wall 12 and the peripheral edge 15 ofthe mask. The lip 19 may also extend to the side walls 13 depending onthe specific shape of the chamber. Moisture which travels past the slot6 and is not dispensed immediately through the circular voids 5 will betrapped and redirected back toward the circular voids 5 by the lip 19.This feature is an additional protective mechanism to ensure that anymoisture condensing on the chamber does not touch the wearer's skin.

In one embodiment, a control valve 7 is provided to affix on the post 17and provide air regulation selection. FIGS. 6 and 7 demonstrate acontrol valve exploded from the chamber. In reality, if the controlvalve is provided, it is secured to the chamber in any manner consistentwith this disclosure. The control valve 7 is substantially flattenedmember rotatably affixed to the chamber. In the described embodiment thecontrol valve would be affixed to the interior surface of the front wallof the chamber. The control valve could be affixed anywhere on thechamber, interior or exterior and on any wall. In the preferredembodiment, the control valve member is shaped as a disk. The controlvalve could take on any structure and could have apertures or be a solidstructure. In the embodiment shown and described the member is a diskwith an outer, ovoid cylindrical structure 71. The cylindrical structure71 has a distal face 72, a proximal face 73, an interior edge 74 and anexterior edge 75. The control valve has a hole 77 positioned anddimensioned to receive the post 17 extending proximally from the chamberinterior wall. After insertion into the hole 77, the flat surface 18 ofthe post 17 abuts the proximal side of the control valve 7 therebyaffixing the control valve 7 to the interior surface of the front wall11 of the chamber 1 in a manner permitting the control valve 7 to pivotor rotate on the post 17. This feature may also be described as arotatable dial. The control valve rotate or pivot position is selectableby the alignment of the cleats 76 on the distal face 72 of the controlvalve disk into the depressions 16 on the interior front wall 11 of thechamber 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the control valve has a number of openingscreated by a series of structures described herein as vanes 78. Thecontrol valve is contemplated to have as few and one vane 78, thusacting as a partial closure mechanism for the apertures. In theembodiment shown and described, the control valve 7 has a plurality ofvanes 78 spanning the interior edge 74 of the cylindrical structure 71.In most embodiments, this the control valve 7 structure should mirrorthe structure of the chamber grate 3. As mentioned above, the cleats 76protrude from the distal face 72 of the control valve 7. These cleats 76insert into the depressions 16 of the interior surface of the chamber asthe alignment of the exploded views of FIGS. 6 and 7 show.

The body of the mask is provided by a fabric panel 2. The panel 2 may beprovided in any convenient manner for manufacture, form, and fashion. Ata minimum, at least one panel 2 is affixed to the edge 15 of the chamber1 by sewing or other securing means. The chamber could be removablyattached to allow for easier cleaning and access to the wearer's noseand mouth. For the preferred embodiment, the panel 2 should be formedand darted and pleated 21 to contour to the chin, neck, ears, and collarof the wearer. In this embodiment, the chamber 1 is centrally located onthe panel 2. The chamber 1 could be located anywhere on the panel toaccomplish the goals and objectives set out herein. Other embodimentsare possible and contemplated within this disclosure. In the preferredembodiment, the panel extends sufficiently to wrap around the head ofthe wearer. FIGS. 1 and 2 demonstrate the panel as it would appear on awearer, wrapped and fastened. The panel 2 provides a means to fasten orhold the mask in place on the wearer. For the preferred embodiment, thepanel terminates in a fastening means 22 such as cooperating VELCRO®brand hook and loop fastener sections.

The novelty of the present mask is discovered in the pliable,concave-shaped chamber 1 portion of the mask, called the breathingchamber. The chamber 1 fully covers the wearer's mouth and nose. Thechamber is demonstrated in front view, apart from the whole of the maskin FIG. 4. Additionally, the rear view of the chamber in FIG. 5demonstrates additional features of the chamber and the moisturemanagement system. The wearer is allowed to breathe air because thechamber 1 comprises a space defined away from the wearer's face. Initialventilation studies indicate that the volume of the chamber 1 allowsadequate amounts of air to enter and exit the wearer's mouth and nose inorder to meet oxygen demands called for during physically demandingoutdoor sports or labor.

The cold weather mask according to the present invention is designed tofit snugly around the face, ears, head and neck of the user. Alternativeembodiments are described herein. Selectable sizing means and preferredstretchable materials accomplish a snug fit. The fit is meant to besecure, yet comfortable. Versatility in sizing plus the use of elastic,insulating material for fabric side panels 2 and opposing VELCRO® brandhook and loop fastener straps 22 provide optimum fit.

The specialized shape and contour of the chamber 1 provides anattractive profile as well as critical functionality. The profile of themask chamber design is not intended to protrude any further than thetypical outer goggle plane, or approximately 2-5 centimeters from thewearer's face. Claustrophobic conditions are ameliorated by the constantflow of fresh air into and out of the apertures and the clearance widthand depth from the mouth and nose.

In the preferred embodiment, the grate 3 of the mask has a general“V”-shaped pattern for the grate openings 31. Each grate opening 31occurs in a parallel orientation to other grate openings 31 in the samequadrant 36 of the air intake grate 3. The effect is an aestheticallypleasing “tree” or “leaf”-like pattern. Other orientations such as acommon grill design have also been used. The grate openings 31 of thegrate 3 are provided for air flow enhancement regulation during forwardmotion such as skiing or ATV riding. These activities produce anincreased air flow, similar to a Venturi effect and decrease the user'sfeelings of claustrophobia.

Beyond aesthetics, an added benefit of the “V”-shaped orientation isthat the orientation helps disperse and mix inhaled air and exhaled airand helps inhibit fog formation on goggles or glasses. Furthermore, thegrate 3 is situated so that the grate openings 31 rotate or veer at anangle of approximately ten degrees downward from the top of the vent tothe bottom. Thus, aiding the direction of exhaled air downward, awayfrom the goggles or glasses.

The orientation of the openings in the grate 3 induce turbulent air flowaiding mixing of air—warm and cool, humid and dry, exhaled andinhaled—in the chamber. The effect is an elevation of temperature insideof the mask as demonstrated by studies outdoors at temperatures of 1.1degrees Celsius and below. Furthermore, the bi-directionalcharacteristics of the openings naturally reduce airflow when air flowdemand is reduced such as when sitting, riding a lift, or sleeping. Inthese situations, increased air flow is not desirable or needed.

The passive airflow slits 4, circular voids 5, and the moisturemanagement slot 6 each provide a point of exit for air taken in throughthe central air intake grate 3 as well as that exhaled by the wearer.The functionality of the apertures are derivatives of their location andsize. The circular voids 5 and moisture management slot 6 occur in adownward direction from the grate 3. Due to natural laws of gravity anddirection of exhaled breath, accumulated moisture and exhaled air willtend to escape from the ports placed downward of the grate. In thepreferred embodiment, the grate 3 is coordinated with one moisturemanagement slot 6 in the lower wall 12, a good distance from the wearerand nearer the front wall 11. This slot 6 is approximately 2.5centimeters from the wearer's face and in most circumstances is the onlylocation that will discharge condensation gathered from the chamber 1.Current tests show that condensation will begin draining from themoisture management slot 6 after about 2 hours of use in highly activeconditions such as alpine skiing and only after approximately 4 hourswill the moisture move to the circular voids 5. Finally, in thepreferred embodiment, circular voids 5 occur in sets of three or more.The voids 5 are shown from a bottom view in FIG. 7. Alternativeembodiments would allow the voids 5 to be in any shape and in anynumber. As shown in FIG. 7, the circular voids 5, are located in thelower wall 12 of the chamber, at approximate intervals of 0.3 to 2centimeters from the wearer's face. The coordination of the central airintake grate 3, the circular voids 5 and moisture management slot 6create a turbulent air flow which allows for air mixing and fresh airexchange. The passive air flow slits 4 permit added bi-directional airexchange and evaporation.

Recognizing the delicate balance between breathing warm air andprotecting the facial skin and airway from cold, the present inventionallows the face to remain warm and dry. This function is furtherenhanced by the warming of inhaled air, by keeping the moisture awayfrom the skin, and by venting carbon dioxide whether the wearer isexercising or resting. An example of resting when the mask would bebeneficial would be in a camping or backpacking scenario where one istrying to rest or sleep outside in cold or inclement weather. Proper airexchange in such circumstances can aid sleeping and reduce apnea becausefresh air is constantly available.

The present invention requires no mechanization to warm the air capturedby the air intake vent 3, instead warming of the air occurs dynamicallyfrom mixing warmed exhaled air with inhaled air. Fresh air is warmed inthe chamber 1 before it is breathed by the wearer, because it mixes withimmediately exhaled air traveling to and from the apertures. This mixingof air also permits the incoming air to gain a comfortable humidityquotient as demonstrated by studies. Outside temperature compared toinside mask temperature variances are comfort-controlled by the airintake grate 3. Initial temperature tests indicate a four to sixteendegree (Celsius) differential between ambient air and air inside thechamber 1, e.g. one study showed an approximate temperature of 22degrees Celsius inside the mask when outside temperatures wereapproximately minus five (−5) degrees Celsius.

The formation and features of the chamber 1 allow performance of thedesired objectives because the wearer is provided warm, moist airdirectly to the mouth while air can be exhaled without interruption thuskeeping moisture from the face. The provision of continuousbi-directional air flow exchanges removes all the stagnant exhaled airfrom the chamber 1 to desirably provide air that is rich with oxygen tosupply working muscles.

The air intake vent 3 may have a control valve 7. FIGS. 1-2 illustratethe preferred embodiment for the control valve 7 system. The rotatabledial formed by the cooperation of the control valve 7 and the post 17permits air control. The control valve 7 and chamber 1 further utilizelocking means to hold the control valve at the desired position orstation. The demonstrated embodiment calls for a depression 16 and cleat76, but a notch and bump, or dimple and dome, or similar designs thatmay manipulate the partial closure of the apertures of the central airintake grate 3 could be used. A simple lever could be used for thecontrol valve 7, but preferably of a type made of soft, pliablematerial. Optional indicator dots 78, shown in FIG. 6, provide adifferentiating means for a position of relative open or closure, calledstations. According to this design, a final stop location may beincluded for the rotatable dial in order to prevent full rotation of 360degrees. The preferred embodiment uses 5 stations of use, however, useof 6 or 7 stations, or alternatively, entire rotation could used. Othervariations will be obvious to one skilled in the art and areincorporated into this disclosure.

The control valve 7 allows the wearer to reduce the volume of incomingair. The reduction in incoming air allows an increase in temperature ofair intake as described above. This is the selectable quantityadjustment for the air intake of the present invention. In oneembodiment, the interior valve allows the wearer to have maximum airflowor to reduce the airflow in stages to approximately 67% of the maximalair flow as demonstrated by anemometry. Even when airflow is reduced,adequate air exchange is still realized as demonstrated by ventilationstudies. The valve accessory post 17 attaches the control valve 7 forrotational or pivot setting air flow options. The center valve accessorypost 17 also can be an attachment point for various filters instead ofor in combination with the control valve 7. Filters, or restrictivesponges, may provide benefits to wearers who have special conditionssuch as asthma or need excess particulates, dust, or humidity filteredfrom ambient air. A test with an air flow anemometer has demonstratedadequate capability of the design to allow entry of air whileventilation studies demonstrated that oxygen and carbon dioxide weremaintained in normal ranges for health. Similar tests confirm favorabletemperature and humidity gradients.

The present invention presents a new and novel way of managing moisturethat forms as a result of warm exhaled air touching the interior surfaceof a mask abutting cold ambient temperatures. No prior mask hassuccessfully dealt with this problem which can cause chapping andchafing of the wearer's skin. The present invention's moisturemanagement system works because it comprises four key design concepts.The first of these design concepts involves the chemistry of thechamber. The moist air exhaled is attracted by hydrogen bonding to theinterior surfaces of the chamber. The use of passive air flow voids 5and moisture management slot 6 allow an escape means for moisture thathas bonded to the mask. The moisture management slot 6 is located nearthe front wall of the chamber just below the grate where a draining,“gutter” effect is created. To further direct direction of the flow ofmoisture, a textured inner surface helps moisture accumulate courtesy ofthe magnified surface area for hydrogen bonding and then escape throughthe apertures. The moisture management slot 6 is spaced away from thewearer's face. In the preferred embodiment, the apertures occur on thelower wall in another “V”-shaped pattern. The moisture simply drainsdownward due to gravity and exits at a clear distance from the wearer'sskin. The passive air flow voids 5 and moisture management slot 6 allowboth drainage of moisture and passive airflow.

A key aspect of the moisture management system comes from an addedbenefit of the moisture management slot 6. Upon exhalation, the mask isdesigned to force moisture and air out of the moisture management slot 6and passive airflow voids 5 as air is forced through the intake grate 3and some air is deflected downward. The bottom and side vents also workfor inhalation during times having high intake or exhale demands. Theadditional apertures give a more direct air exchange as may be desirablefor outdoor sports or labor. The moisture management system is furtheraided by the raised lip 19 of the chamber which helps keep the moistureaway from the chin area of the face. These features are vital tomaintaining a dry face during activity or even when inactive.

In the preferred embodiment, the chamber 1 and the fabric liningsurrounding the chamber will rest at the bridge of the wearer's nose. Inan aspect of a further embodiment, the use of a malleable material maysupply a bridge 8 shaped to fit the wearer's nose. Such a malleablematerial for the bridge 8 may include rubber foam, spring steel,aluminum, plastic, metal, or other suitable material. Ideally, thebridge 8 is designed into the chamber 1 or panel 2 at the nose area andallows the wearer to mold the nose area to their particular facialfeatures. Desirably, the bridge 8 is hidden from view within the fabricof the panel 2 or chamber 1 of the mask. However, FIGS. 1 and 2demonstrate a bridge 8 as though it would be visible. FIG. 5demonstrates the bridge 8 from the rear of the chamber 1. The bridgedesign will rest comfortably under and work in conjunction with skigoggles to prevent fogging. This adaptation will hold the mask in placeand provide even further fogging inhibition. Excess air is inhibitedfrom escaping up into the eye-wear area. As a further advantage of thisadaptation, eyeglasses may also rest comfortably on the bridge 8 orother adaptation on the top wall 14 of the chamber. An important benefitof the present invention is that the design specifically preventsfogging of eye-wear thereby maintaining acceptable vision. The designfurther requires crash soft, or injury preventative characteristicswhich will prevent injury to the nose in case of direct trauma.

The chamber 1 is made of pliable or flexible material such asthermoplastic, rubber polycarbonate, polyurethane, foam, plastic, orother resin. This critical feature of the present mask allows it to becrash soft. In other words, in case of a collision or wreck, the wearerdecreases his chance of injury to his face because of the flexible andnon-rigid design by absorbing trauma injury and not transmitting thisenergy to the face. The mask is contemplated to be produced by injectionmold or other suitable means. The valve accessory post 17 and controlvalve 7 may or may not be molded on ski mask for a simpler and cheapermask design. In such variations, the mask would not have selectable airintake, but only one air flow setting such as is visible in FIGS. 1, 2and 4. Alternatively the control valve 7 may be molded separately forlater assembly. Such assembly is demonstrated in FIG. 5.

The use of thermoplastics makes the mask extremely malleable, thus, themoisture management system orifices may be easily stretched to allow theinsertion of oxygen flow from a tank in rescue operations or for water,hydration, or feeding tubes. Upon removal of such apparatuses, thethermoplastic material will immediately return to its initialconfiguration. Although not intended to replace emergency oxygen masks,this aspect of the invention may prove useful in high altitudes, inemergency search and rescue missions, for ski patrol, or simply forhydration during all-day activity.

The chamber is secured to at least one fabric panel 2 for mounting onthe wearer's face. The material used for these panels must not irritatethe skin in cold weather conditions and preferably provides additionalinsulation function. The panels may cover only the cheeks, chin, andears; cover only the cheeks, chin, neck, ears, and base of the head orback of the neck; or cover all of these features and the crown of thehead. Other variations will be obvious to one skilled in the art andsuch variations are incorporated herein. Examples of fabric which may beused include POLARTEC® brand fabric, water and wind resistant materialsuch as fleece or other fabric, flannel, nylon, or other insulatingmaterial. Any of these materials may have characteristics of GORE-TEX®brand fabric or other treatments or advances in cold weather materialsor fabrics.

The fabric may be cut in various formations to succeed in covering thewearer's face, neck, ears, or head. Currently, three embodiments exist:minimum coverage, moderate coverage, and maximum coverage. The firstembodiment, the minimum coverage design covers the face with the chamberand has minimal panels which only cover a portion of the face, such asthe cheek 29, chin 24, and possibly the ears 26. The first embodimentmay be secured in any fashion disclosed herein but is particularlyadaptable for fastening in a headband-like fashion. FIG. 3 shows aminimum coverage embodiment of the present invention. A portion of thepanels have been cut away, but could also represent a terminatingportion of the fabric panels 2 such as may be desired for a tensionsecuring mechanism. Panels may secure the mask in a number of wayincluding: memory materials, resistance or elastic headband, or abikini-type or harness-type strap around the head which may terminate inVELCRO® brand hook and loop fastener.

The second, and preferred, embodiment is the moderate coverage design.See FIGS. 1 and 2. The moderate coverage embodiment is darted or pleated21 around the cheek 29, chin 24, neck 25, ears 26, and back of head andneck 28 in order to provide an aesthetically pleasing, conformingprofile which optimizes wind resistance and insulation. The combinationof darting, pleating and stretch material is optimal. The mask'stailored design aids its snug and comfortable fit. Because the maskcovers the nose and mouth, this feature is essential. The tailored fitmay encourage and aid ongoing participation in physically demandingactivities. This feature is critical to the wearer's safety because allof the wearer's senses and faculties remain fully accessible. Thetailored fit also allows the mask unique applications to camping wherewarm air intake and cold weather protection is important. The designalso allows a camper to have his head outside a sleeping bag to preventexcess moisture from being trapped in the bag thus causing moisture inthe bag's interior and the sleeping camper's lungs. The fabric panels 2of this embodiment may come around the back of head 28 and extend downto cover full neck area 25. The moderate coverage embodiment allows moreclearance for helmets and additional fit, comfort, and warmth.

FIG. 8 demonstrates one visual representation of the maximum coverageembodiment of the present invention. The maximum coverage embodiment,couples the same unique chamber 1, fit, and warmth, but utilizes maximumfabric panels 2, which completely or partially cover the wearer's head.For this embodiment, a glasses or goggles opening 23 is provided. Theneck 25 and crown 27 may or may not be fully enclosed.

The preferred embodiment of the mask completely covers the ears. FIG. 3is a front view of the chamber and the minimum coverage embodiment ofthe present invention and shows the fabric panels 2 accordingly. The earsection is denoted by a circle 9 but in the preferred embodiment, therewill be no change in fabric quality or density at this location.According to the preferred embodiment, stretch material desirable to thepresent invention will provide enough elasticity even when fully coveredto allow the comfortable use of earphones, hearing aids, or head phones,without specialized features. Added comfort is experienced by the wearerof these devices because the mask will reduce background noise and windin the ear. Volume control on such device may be reduced to save earstrain. Possible adaptations of the ear feature 9 for all embodimentsmay include (1) a special raised formation around the ears; (2)alternate materials covering the ears; (3) circular openings at theears; or (4) similar design. Workable materials to cover the ears mayinclude fabric, mesh, or free standing headphones or speakers. Suchadaptations may increase the ability of the wearer to hear, but may alsobe advantageous when the wearer wishes to listen to audio devices.

The combination of panels 2 and the chamber 1 must be adjustably securedto a wearer's head. The preferred securing means of the mask to thewearer is currently VELCRO® brand hook and loop fastener strapping 22affixed to the rear portions of the panels. Other possible means ofsecuring the mask in place may include resistance headband, elastic,spandex, string ties, or lacing. In the preferred embodiment, theVELCRO® brand hook and loop fastener strapping is not visible as it ishidden within the panels. VELCRO® brand hook and loop fastener strappingshould be sewn or otherwise affixed to the panels in order to cooperatewithin the measurement ranges of adult or children head sizes, dependingon the model. Embodiments calling for full neck or head coverage may beconstructed to slip-on or over the wearer's head.

As can be seen by the preceding disclosure and submitted claims, thepresent invention meets the needs of outdoor laborers or recreationistsin a novel way where the industry has previously failed. The presentmask manages moisture, keeps the face warm and dry, prevents fogging ofgoggles by fitting snugly and comfortably and also giving an alternateexhaust with the use and placement of multiple apertures. In addition,the mask helps humidify cold air drawn in to the mask by the wearer.

Consistent with this disclosure, multiple fabric and pattern variationsof the panels 2 and pliable chamber 1 materials are contemplated to meetthe aesthetic and functional needs of various wearers, includinghunters, skiers, police, or military personnel. The mask is contemplatedto be offered in at least two sizing options, one for children and onefor adults. Of course, specialized sizing is possible.

Other embodiments and uses of the invention will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practiceof the invention disclosed herein. As will be easily understood by thoseof ordinary skill in the art, variations and modifications of each ofthe disclosed embodiments can be easily made within the scope of thisinvention as defined herein.

As stated, the preferred mode of manufacture for the present inventionis by injection mold and hand or machine sewing. These parameters keepmanufacturing costs down. Other materials could also serve the purposesof the present invention. Other manufacturing variations are possibleand obvious within the teachings of this disclosure.

It is further intended that any other embodiments of the presentinvention which result from any changes in application or method of useor operation, method of manufacture, shape, size, or material which arenot specified within the detailed written description or illustrationscontained herein, yet are considered apparent or obvious to one skilledin the art, are within the scope of the present invention.

COMPONENT LIST FOR COLD OR INCLEMENT WEATHER EXPOSURE MASK

-   1—chamber-   11—front wall-   12—lower wall-   13—side wall-   14—top wall-   15 peripheral edge-   16—depression-   17—post-   18—flattened surface-   19—lip-   2—Fabric panel-   21—pleat or dart-   22—velcro or fastener-   23—goggle opening-   24—chin-   25—neck-   26—ear-   27—crown-   28—back of head-   29—cheek-   3—grate-   31—openings-   32—parallel bars-   33—ovoid ring-   34—first bar-   35—second bar-   36—quadrants-   37—center of grate-   4—slits-   5—circular voids-   6—slot-   7—control valve-   71—ovoid cylindrical structure-   72—distal face-   73—proximal face-   74—interior edge-   75—exterior edge-   76—cleat-   77—hole-   78—indicator dots-   8—bridge-   9—ear circle

What is claimed is:
 1. A mask comprising: a concave-shaped pliablechamber extending generally forward to define a breathing space, thechamber arranged and constructed to fit around the nose and mouth of thewearer, the chamber having an interior surface and exterior surface, thechamber having a peripheral edge constructed to rest flush on thewearer's face, the chamber further comprising a plurality ofbi-directional airflow apertures, the breathing space fluidly connectedto the ambient environment by the bi-directional apertures when worn bythe wearer, at least one panel affixed to the chamber, the panelproviding a means to fasten or hold the mask securely in place on thewearer.
 2. A mask of claim 1, wherein the chamber is made of a pliableplastic.
 3. A mask of claim 1, wherein the chamber is made of moldedfoam.
 4. A mask of claim 1, wherein the bi-directional apertures areopen to the free passage of air in either direction.
 5. A mask of claim1, wherein the apertures further comprise at least one aperturecentrally positioned on the front chamber wall across from and in frontof the nostrils and mouth of the wearer.
 6. The Mask of claim 1, whereinsaid interior surface of the chamber further comprises a non-absorbentsurface causing said surface to accumulate and store moisture within thechamber.
 7. A mask of claim 1, wherein the interior surface of thechamber is configured to humidify cold, ambient air drawn into thebreathing space during inhalation.
 8. A mask of claim 1, wherein theapertures comprise at least one moisture management aperture configuredto discharge the wearer's breath and condensation.
 9. A mask of claim 1,wherein the apertures further comprise a moisture management systemhaving at least one aperture through a lower wall of the chamber for thegravitational discharge of the wearer's breath and condensation from thechamber.
 10. The Mask of claim 1, wherein the breathing space furthercomprises an open space between the face of the wearer and the walls ofthe chamber, said breathing space configured to contain and accommodatethe mixing of the air inhaled through the apertures with the warm, humidair that has been exhaled by the wearer.
 11. A mask of claim 1, whereinthe apertures comprise at least one void.
 12. A mask of claim 1, whereinthe apertures comprise at least one slit.
 13. A mask of claim 1, whereinthe chamber walls are configured to prevent the dissipation of the warmand moist air exhaled into the breathing space.
 14. A mask comprising: aconcave-shaped pliable chamber extending generally forward to define abreathing space fluidly connected to the ambient environment when wornby a wearer, the chamber arranged to fit around the nose and mouth ofthe wearer, the chamber having a front wall, at least two side walls, alower wall and at least one top wall, each with an interior and exteriorsurface, the side walls, lower wall and top wall each adjacent to thefront wall, the top wall configured to fit under the eyes, and over thenose of the wearer, the side walls, lower wall and top wall of thechamber having a peripheral edge disposed opposite the front wall, theperipheral edge arranged to rest against the wearer's face, the interiorsurface of the chamber configured to retain and store moisture expelledduring exhalation, the chamber further comprising a plurality ofbi-directional airflow apertures, the apertures comprising at least oneaperture centrally positioned on the front wall of the chamber acrossfrom and in front of the nostrils and mouth of the wearer, the aperturesfurther comprising at least one moisture management aperture positionedin the chamber for the discharge of breath and excess condensation, thebreathing space of the chamber comprising an open space between the faceof the wearer and the walls of the chamber, the breathing space fluidlyconnected to the ambient environment by the bi-directional apertures,the breathing space configured to accommodate and contain the dynamicmixing of the air inhaled from the apertures with the air andcondensation exhaled from the wearer, at least one panel affixed to thechamber, providing a means to fasten or hold the mask securely in placeon the wearer.
 15. The Mask of claim 14, wherein the apertures furthercomprise at least one aperture located on each side wall.
 16. The Maskof claim 14, wherein said interior surface of the chamber furthercomprises a non-absorbent surface causing said surface to accumulate andrelease exhaled moisture within the chamber.
 17. The Mask of claim 14,wherein the moisture management aperture is disposed on the lower wallof the chamber in between the wearer's face and the front wall.
 18. TheMask of claim 14, wherein the chamber walls are made of a pliablematerial which regains its original shape after bending.
 19. A methodfor warming and humidifying cold, ambient air by a non-mechanized facemask which comprises: affixing a concave-shaped, pliable chamber overthe nose and mouth and under the eyes of the wearer, said chamber havingan interior and exterior surface and peripheral edge, said chamberfurther having bi-directional airflow apertures, providing an openbreathing space between the face of the wearer and the interior wall ofthe chamber when resting the peripheral edge of the chamber against theface of the wearer, maintaining an open and fluid air-flow connectionbetween the ambient air and the breathing space through thebi-directional apertures during inhalations and exhalations by thewearer, capturing moisture expelled during exhalation on the interiorsurface of the chamber, preventing the dissipation of the warm, humidair into the ambient environment through the presence of the chamberwalls, drawing cold, ambient air into the breathing space through thebi-directional airflow apertures during inhalation by the wearer,humidifying the air drawn into the breathing space by forcing said airto encounter the captured moisture on the interior surface, forciblymixing the cold, ambient air drawn into the breathing space with thewarm, humid air retained within the breathing space to form acontinuously warmed and humidified air supply for the wearer.
 20. Themask of claim 19, wherein is included the step of gravitationallydraining excess moisture captured and retained within the chamberthrough one or more bi-directional drain apertures.